Porto

Porto is a busy industrial and commercial centre. The city itself isn't very populous (about 300,000 inhabitants), but the Porto metropolitan area (Greater Porto) has some 2,500,000 inhabitants in a 50km radius, with cities like Gaia, Matosinhos, Maia, and Gondomar.

The city was built along the hills overlooking the Douro river estuary, and its historical center was awarded World Heritage status by UNESCO in 1996. It has been continuously inhabited since at least the 4th Century, when the Romans referred to it as Portus Calle

Porto has a semi-Mediterranean climate, although it's strongly affected by the Atlantic ocean, which makes it cooler than other cities with this climate. However, temperatures can rise as high as 40ºC in August during occasional heat waves. Winters are mild and humid, with occasional cold nights where temperatures can drop below 0ºC.

Porto has always been a mercantile city, and this is evident in the style of the buildings lining the Avenida dos Aliados, the core of the downtown area. The center of town, unlike other major Portuguese cities, which tend towards the baroque, is granite and monumental. Residents of Porto are known as Tripeiros (tripe eaters) due to the fact that the city went without meat in order to provision the capital and the fleet that departed to Ceuta in 1415, had to subsist on tripe stew, still a speciality of the city.

Citizens of Porto hold themselves apart culturally from the South of the country, mainly Lisbon region, as is expressed in the often heard phrase ''o Porto é uma nação'' (Porto is a nation). This is due to the centralisation of government decisions in Lisbon, which the inhabitants understand it is not always fair for the North and Porto especially. They often say ''Porto works, Braga Prays, Coimbra studies, and Lisbon gets the money.''

Outsiders used to often consider Porto to be more crass and mercantile than the rest of the country, due to the lack of rehabilitation the city urgently needed. Since the beginning of the century the city has been going through a major reconstruction and now has a more clean and pleasant feeling, attracting many new visitors. Its inhabitants may have a more harsh first impression but they are known for being very nice, accessible and will help you with anything they can.

The city is officially styled ''a muito nobre, sempre leal e invicta cidade do Porto'' (the very noble, always faithful, and invincible city of Porto). This is usually shortened to ''a Cidade Invicta'' (the invincible city) a title won because of Porto's resistance to the ''Cerco do Porto'' (Porto's Siege) during the 1832-34 civil war.

The city is quite varied architecturally, with medieval as well as modern living side by side. Porto's geography is hard on the feet, but pleasant to the eye. The city is extremely hilly, with many buildings built into a cliff face that overlooks the river. Stairs cut into the stone run up and down the cliff face and offer a laborious but rewarding walking tour. Across the river from Porto proper, in the suburb of Gaia, are located the warehouses of notable companies dealing with Port Wine, such as Cálem, Fonseca, Sandeman, Kopke, and others.

Whilst the local attitude is friendly, to outsiders it is worth noting that locals can respond literally to questions, which may seem slightly off-putting to the uninitiated. An example of this would be to ask in a bar if they have a menu (for food) and to receive a straight 'no' as a response; it's after further questions that one can find out that the establishment doesn't sell food - such a response is not considered rude, it is merely direct and literal.

If you speak in Spanish to a local, you will be largely understood and as a rule they will freely converse with you, but from time to time, more so with the older generation, you may be politely reminded that you are in Portugal and the native language is Portuguese